A Farewell to Arms

Frederick Henry, an American officer, serves in the Italian Army's ambulance unit during World War I. He is wounded and taken to a British base hospital in northern Italy where he is treated. While convalescing, he meets nurse Catherine Barkley and they begin to fall for each other.

Catherine treats him and the two begin a romantic relationship. The affair grows in the shadow of war, offering a respite from danger. Their closeness hints at a possible future beyond the front lines.

Frederick's doctor friend convinces the army that his knee injury is more serious than it actually is, keeping him from active duty. This deception prolongs his stay in the hospital and lets him remain close to Catherine. The ruse reflects how wartime bureaucracy manipulates personal fates.

Their romance continues but they do not marry, constrained by war and circumstance. They offer each other companionship and hope as the front lines rage elsewhere. The relationship becomes a fragile refuge from the chaos around them.

Catherine discovers she is pregnant, a beacon of hope amid the war. The couple's joy is tempered by the risk and uncertainty of their situation. Their happiness is overshadowed by the hospital's rules and the looming possibility of separation.

To celebrate or cope, they sneak alcohol into the hospital for Frederick, but head nurse Miss Van Campen discovers the duplicity and separates them. The fallout ends their close proximity and triggers anxiety about their future. The incident also underscores the strict control exerted by the hospital staff.

Miss Van Campen informs Frederick's superiors that he has fully recovered from his wounds, making him eligible for active duty. This decision ends his confinement and signals a return to the front. Catherine fears he will be sent away and their plans for togetherness are suddenly under threat.

During their separation, Catherine believes Frederick has abandoned her, heightening her loneliness and longing. The war's pressures and lack of contact amplify her sense of isolation. The couple's emotional bond is strained by distance.

Following the Battle of Caporetto, the Italian army retreats in disarray, with Frederick and Major Alessandro Rinaldi among the exhausted troops. Casualties and fatigue mount as the line collapses. The atmosphere is filled with fear and defeat.

Rinaldi is drumhead court-martialed and executed by firing squad; Frederick, saluting incorrectly, becomes a suspect and flees, jumping into a river to escape capture. The episode highlights the paranoia and arbitrary danger of wartime justice. Frederick narrowly escapes a grim fate.

Frederick evades capture, finds Catherine, and they flee toward Milan to hide by a lake near the Swiss border. They plan to escape into neutral Switzerland, posing as tourists. The plan offers a chance at safety away from the war.

They cross into neutral Switzerland by rowboat, permitted as visitors. Catherine's pregnancy progresses, bringing a fragile hope for a family in exile. Their safety feels temporary as the war's shadow lingers.

A Caesarean section is performed due to complications, but their baby is stillborn. Catherine dies soon afterward from hemorrhage, leaving Frederick shocked and alone. He wanders the empty streets in the aftermath, grief consuming him.

Frederick, bereaved, resumes a solitary existence in the quiet streets of Switzerland. The memory of Catherine lingers as he processes the loss and the war's toll. The story closes with his haunted, aimless silhouette against the tranquil but cruel backdrop of peace-time Europe.