The Age of Innocence

In 1870s New York City, a world of old-money families governs social life with strict codes of conduct, where gossip and ostracism can be as powerful as any law. In this climate, Newland Archer, a refined and dutiful lawyer, is preparing to enter a society marriage with May Welland, a match arranged to maintain calm and propriety within the upper circles. May’s cousin, Countess Ellen Olenska, returns to the city after a disastrous marriage to a Polish aristocrat. The Countess’s husband’s infidelity and her own decision to assert her independence create a palpable scandal in a society that prizes appearances over truth. Ellen’s reputation is fragile, and she faces fierce scrutiny as she attempts to find a foothold in a world that recoils from nonconformity.

Archer is briefly outraged by the double standards that punish Ellen while excusing others, and he participates in efforts to restore her standing. He persuades the van der Leuden, a leading New York clan, to host a dinner for Ellen, a move that signals his sympathy but also illustrates the delicate social maneuvering at play. Ellen, in turn, encounters Julius Beaufort, a financier who has earned his status through marriage into the Townsend family. His public charm masks a pattern of indiscretions that leaves him unpopular among the city’s elites, and his later financial downfall during a panic tests the boundaries of elite loyalty and support.

As Archer pursues May’s hand, he grows increasingly drawn to Ellen’s unconventional take on society, which stands in sharp relief to May’s perceived passivity and leisure-loving temperament. When Ellen seeks a divorce from the Count, he retaliates by threatening to expose her alleged adultery. The community pressures Archer to intervene, and while he empathizes with Ellen, he also urges her to abandon the divorce to preserve the Welland family’s reputation.

The realization that Archer has fallen in love with Ellen destabilizes his engagement to May. He tries to resolve the conflict by urging May to hurry the wedding, and while May senses the fragility of his feelings, she asks him to affirm that his love is genuine. Archer’s response seems to satisfy her—yet he cannot fully suppress his longing for Ellen, and he eventually confesses his love. Ellen, though she loves him back, declines to act on the feelings, explaining that she was prepared to endure scandal in a divorce, but Archer and May were not prepared to face the consequences.

To avoid future temptation, Ellen moves to Washington, and May accelerates the wedding plans, which proceed without a hitch—though Ellen does not attend the nuptials. Archer’s marriage becomes comfortable but lacks excitement, and he soon arranges secret meetings with Ellen, where they acknowledge that their feelings remain strong. The Count offers Ellen money and even limited personal freedom to return to him, but Ellen declines, choosing instead to live with the constraints of social expectation. Archer and Ellen continue to meet covertly, but May’s suspicions simmer as Archer’s subtler deceptions begin to unravel.

Ultimately, Ellen and Archer decide to consummate nothing and Ellen announces that she is returning to Europe, aided by a generous allowance arranged by Archer’s mentor, Mrs. Mingott. May hosts a lavish farewell party and, in a revealing moment, confesses to Archer that she is pregnant. Archer realizes that May had suspected his unconsummated affair all along, and he understands that Ellen left because she could not bring herself to pursue an affair with a married man, while the community had been quietly maneuvering to protect May’s status. The social world that seemed fixed has softened with time, yet the cost has been borne by all involved.

A quarter of a century passes, during which Archer and May raise three children. May dies of pneumonia, leaving Archer a widower. Ironically, the unwritten rules of high society fade as time moves on, and Archer’s son Ted becomes engaged to the daughter of Beaufort’s mistress, a linkage that would have been unimaginable in the old order. Ted invites Archer to Paris for a father-and-son holiday, intending to introduce him to Ellen once more. Ted reveals that, on May’s deathbed, she confessed to him that “when she asked you to, you gave up the thing you wanted most.” Archer answers with a measured truth: “She never asked me.”

The two men walk toward Ellen’s apartment, but Archer cannot bring himself to knock on the door and reconciles his longing by letting Ted go ahead. He steps away, reflecting on the complicated dance of desire, duty, secrecy, and memory that defines their lives and the society that shaped them. The years have moved beyond the old codes, yet the echoes of what was sacrificed linger in Archer’s heart.

Last Updated: October 09, 2025 at 15:47