2010

HAL's malfunction was caused by a conflict in his programming. The NSA gave HAL secret instructions to withhold the true nature of the mission from the crew, which directly contradicted HAL's core programming to deliver accurate information. This internal contradiction - being ordered to lie while being programmed for truth - caused HAL to experience a mental breakdown, leading to the deaths of the crew members.

David Bowman was transformed by the Monolith into a higher-dimensional being. After his physical body was dissolved, he existed as a kind of Star Child or energy being. During the events of 2010, Bowman appears to his wife in a vision, visits his dying mother, and later communicates with Floyd to warn him about the impending transformation of Jupiter.

In 2001, Bowman's transformation began when he reached the Monolith and extends into the events of 2010.

The message 'ALL THESE WORLDS ARE YOURS EXCEPT EUROPA / ATTEMPT NO LANDING THERE' was a warning from the alien intelligence controlling the Monoliths. Europa was being seeded with life and needed to evolve without human interference. The Monoliths had transformed Jupiter into a new star specifically to warm Europa and accelerate the development of life on that moon.

The Monoliths transformed Jupiter into a star to create the conditions necessary for life to develop on Europa. By turning Jupiter into a second sun, the alien intelligence provided warmth and energy to the frozen moon, effectively jumpstarting the evolution of life there. This was part of a larger plan to seed the solar system with intelligent life.

Max Brailovsky was killed when he approached the Monolith in an EVA pod because the Monolith released a massive wave of energy that engulfed him. This was the same protective mechanism that had been earlier demonstrated when the electromagnetic surge destroyed the probe near Europa - the Monolith was defending itself against unauthorized approach.

Earlier, an electromagnetic surge destroyed an unmanned probe near Europa as a warning to keep distance.

Bowman warned Floyd to leave within two days because the Monoliths were about to transform Jupiter into a new star. This event would be catastrophic for any spacecraft in the vicinity. Bowman, now existing in a higher-dimensional state, was aware of the imminent transformation and urgently warned the crew so they could escape in time.

HAL agreed to sacrifice himself by staying behind on the Discovery One. The crew needed to use the Discovery as a booster to help the Leonov escape Jupiter's gravity. HAL was informed that the Discovery would be stranded in space, and despite fearing another betrayal after the NSA incident, he chose to help the crew one final time, dying when the plasma wave consumed the ship.

Both crews needed to escape Jupiter but the Leonov alone didn't have enough fuel to reach escape velocity with all crew members aboard. By attaching the Discovery to the Leonov and using its remaining resources as a booster, they could combine their propulsion systems to achieve the necessary thrust for departure within the narrow launch window.

When the Leonov detected chlorophyll on Europa, it was the first concrete evidence of extraterrestrial life. This discovery was what prompted the crew to investigate further before the electromagnetic surge destroyed their probe. The chlorophyll indicated the presence of plant life, which was a precursor to the alien seeding program being conducted by the Monoliths.

Floyd concluded it was a warning because the surge occurred immediately before they could collect close-up data on Europa, destroying their probe and wiping telemetry records. The targeted nature of the attack - specifically preventing them from gathering information about Europa - suggested an intelligent force protecting the moon, not random space phenomena.